blog ini diwujudkan bertujuan membantu pelajar-pelajar yang mengambil subjek Teknologi Maklumat dan Komunikasi sebagai subjek elektif dan juga bermatlamat untuk membantu pembelajaran diluar bilik darjah dan diluar deringan loceng waktu sekolah.
adakah matapelajaran ICT susah
Sepatah Kata
yang susah kalau dilawan juga payahnya diakhir kepayahan akan menjelma senang dan mudahnya. Mudahnya kalau dipahat kata-katanya akan menjadi sesuatu yang payah pula untuk dipermudahkan.....
IVANOVIC (kanan) melonjak untuk menjaringkan gol dalam perlawanan suku akhir pertama Liga Juara-Juara di Anfield, minggu lalu. Kini dia menjadi 'ikon' baru buat Chelsea dan menjadi tumpuan awal pagi esok.
Skuad Benitez berdepan misi mustahil jaring tiga gol di Stamford Bridge
LONDON: Jika Liverpool mahu mencari inspirasi apabila berdepan tugas sukar untuk pertemuan dengan Chelsea dalam saingan Liga Juara-Juara esok (awal pagi Rabu waktu Malaysia), mereka hanya perlu mencontohi Bolton Wanderes.
Liverpool perlu menjaringkan sekurang-kurangnya tiga gol di Stamford Bridge, untuk mengatasi Chelsea di perlawanan kedua suku akhir selepas tewas 3-1 kepada pasukan bimbingan Guus Hiddink itu minggu lalu.
Bolton menjaringkan tiga gol dalam masa lapan minit di Chelsea kelmarin, selepas mendapatkan gol pertama mereka sesudah ketinggalan 4-0 dan Chelsea sudah mengeluarkan Frank Lampard dan Didier Drogba apabila perlawanan kelihatan sudah dimenangi mereka.
Walaupun Chelsea bertahan untuk menewaskan Bolton 4-3 dan mengekalkan tekanan ke atas Liverpool dan pendahulu, Manchester United di Liga Perdana, Bolton sudah membuktikan pertahanan Chelsea bukan tidak boleh ditembusi.
"Saya sedikit risau kami melepaskan tiga gol tetapi setiap perlawanan berbeza, namun biar ia menjadi pengajaran, " kata jurulatih sementara Chelsea, Hiddink.
Walaupun tanpa kapten pasukan, John Terry yang menjalani penggantungan, mereka tetap mempunyai pemain gantian yang berkemampuan seperti yang dibuktikan pemain pertahanan Serbia, Branislav Ivanovic yang jarang diturunkan dan menjaringkan dua gol di Anfield.
Ricardo Carvalho yang kembali dalam kesebelasan utama pasukan selepas tidak beraksi tiga perlawanan, dijangka mengisi kekosongan Terry.
Liverpool pasti berharap untuk mengelak kekalahan kedua berturut-turut dalam saingan Liga Juara-Juara di Stamford Bridge apabila mereka tewas di separuh akhir musim lalu.
Bagaimanapun, mereka sudah menang di sana musim ini dengan kemenangan 1-0 Oktober lalu yang menamatkan rekod tanpa kalah 86 perlawanan Chelsea di tempat sendiri dalam Liga Perdana.
Sejak itu, Chelsea sudah menggantikan jurulatih, Luiz Felipe Scolari dengan Hiddink dan nasib mereka berubah di bawahnya dengan sembilan kemenangan daripada 11 perlawanan dalam semua pertandingan. � Reuters
Encryption means to scramble data in such a way that only someone with the secret code / key can read it.
Is it new?
Encryption has been around for thousands of years in various forms. For example in Ancient Greece the story goes that a general wanted to send a secret message back to his city, so he had a soldier's head shaven and the message written on his scalp. Soon enough his hair grew back enough to hide the message and was sent off running to the city. When the soldier arrived, the city official knew the secret 'key' i.e. shave his head to reveal the message.
Why is it important?
Today, encryption is far more sophisticated, but it serves the same purpose - to pass a secret message from one place to another without anyone else being able to read it.
Encryption is extremely important for e-commerce as it allows confidential information such as your credit card details to be sent safely to the online shop you are visiting.
Web browsers are able to encrypt your purchase details using an encryption method called 'SSL' (Secure Socket Layer). You know this is switched on when a small padlock appears in the bottom right of the browser. SSL gets switched on when you visit a 'secure server' that has an address that starts with HTTPS:// (note the 'S').
How does it work?
Encryption works by scrambling the original message with a very large digital number (key). This is done using advanced mathematics. Commercial-level encryption uses 128 bit key that is very, very hard to crack. The computer receiving the message knows the digital key and so is able to work out the original message.
Why don't we use it all the time?
There are three problems.
a) It is slower than normal browsing. It takes a while for the browser to do the maths required to scramble the message and another delay on the server that has to unscramble the data.
b) Online shops have to have a digital certificate that contains part of the key. This is not free and has to be supplied by a 'certificate authority'.
c) It can be a complicated business running a secure server, so very often, ordinary online shops will hire a specialist 'Payment Gateway' such as 'WorldPay' or 'Paypal' to handle payments for them.
Any more about encryption?
Yes, it is going to appear more and more in your home as DRM (Digital Rights Management) is used to encrypt downloaded music or to copy-protect DVD's.
Bluetooth is a type of radio communication and networking protocol combined.
Why was it developed?
It was developed so devices close to one another could exchange data.
By close, we mean within about 10 metres of one another even if there is a wall in-between.
Advantages of Bluetooth
One advantage with Bluetooth working within a short range is that it only needs a tiny amount of radio power to work, less than a thousandth' of a Watt. ( A torch light uses about 1 Watt to light the bulb) so you can see this is a tiny amount of power. This means it is ideal for battery operated devices such as mobile phones.
Another advantage of Bluetooth is that it is completely automatic - every Bluetooth enabled device will sense the presence of another device within range. They can do this because they share a 'network protocol' that allows them to share data.
Another clever thing about the protocol is that it can reduce interference from other Bluetooth devices that are also exchanging data nearby. For example if Sam's mobile is exchanging data with Tom's mobile this will not interfere with Sarah's mobile also exchanging data with Mary's mobile nearby.
Another very common way of sending data over a short distance is to use Infra-Red. This is used widely in TV remote controls. The disadvantage of Infra-Red over Bluetooth is that you must point the control directly at the device.
Examples of how it is used.
A Bluetooth enabled phone will detect phones nearby and provide you with a list of usernames. You can then send a message, photograph or movie sitting on your phone to any of the usernames. They, of course, have to accept the offer but the rest of it is automatic.
Another common use of Bluetooth is 'hand-free' operation of mobiles in the car. You wear a bluetooth headset that senses your mobile nearby. This allows you to talk using the mobile, but most importantly, keeping your hands on the steering wheel!
Bluetooth is also used to exchange files between a PDA and a desktop computer - great for keeping your diary and work in synch.
Trivia Facts
Fact 1: Harold Blatand "Bluetooth" refers to Harold Blatand, the 10th-Century Danish king who brought together the Danes and Norwegians.
Fact 2: Andretti Green Racing Team The famous Andretti Green Racing team stays connected while racing using Bluetooth devices.
Fact 3: One billion devices By the end of 2006 the number of Bluetooth devices in circulation will rise to more than one billion.
Fact 4: Bluetooth in the car It is predicted that by the year 2012 one-third of all new cars will have built-in Bluetooth connections.
Fact 5: Bluetooth enabled medical equipment Bluetooth enabled medical equipment is being employed by an increasing number of hospitals around the world, in an effort to improve patient care.
Fact 6: Digital images sent over Bluetooth technology You can view digital pictures on your television by sending images from laptops or mobile phones over a Bluetooth connection to a media viewer.
Fact 7: Printing with Bluetooth technology You can send files from a computer to a printer wirelessly using Bluetooth technology.
Fact 8: Multi-point pairing Multi-point pairing enables you to simultaneously connect two Bluetooth enabled devices (e.g. a phone can be connected to both a PC & a pair of headphones).
•Computer security means protecting our computer systems and the information the contain against unwanted access, damage, destruction or modification.
•We need to protect our computer from any intruders such as hackers, crackers and script kiddie.
•We do not want strangers to read our e-mail, use our computer to attack other systems, send forged e-mail from our computer, or examine personal information stored on our computer such as financial statements.
TYPES OF COMPUTER SECURITY
Three types of computer security are;-
•Hardware security
•Software security / data security
•Network security
Hardware security.
-Hardware security refers to security measures used to protect the hardware specifically the computer and its related documents.
- The examples of security measures used to protect the hardware include PC-1 locks, keyboard locks, smart cards and biometric devices.
Software security / data security
- Software and data security refers to the security measures used to protect the software and the loss of data files.
- Examples of security measures used to protect the software are activation code and serial number.
- An example of security measure used to protect the loss of data files is the disaster recovery plan method.
- The idea of this plan is to store data, program and other important documents in a safe place that will not be affected by any major destruction.
Network Security
- The transfer of data through network has become a common practice and the need to implement network security has become significant.
-Network security refers to security measures used to protect the network system. One example of network security measures is firewall. With firewall, network resources can be protected from the outsiders.
1.3.2 INTRODUCTION TO SECURITY THREATS
≈Malicious code
-Malicious code is also known as a rogue program. It is threat to computing assets by causing undesired effects in the programmer's part. The effect is caused by an agent, with the intention to cause damage.
-The agent for malicious code is the writer of the code, or any person who causes its distribution.
-There are various kinds of malicious code. They include virus, Trojan horse, logic door, trapdoor and backdoor, worm and many others.
≈Hacker
-Hacking is a source of threat to security in computer. It is defined as unauthorized access to the computer system by hacker.
-Hackers are persons who learn about the computer system in detail. They write program referred to as hacks. Hackers may use a modem or cable to hack the targeted computers.
≈Natural and environmental threats.
-Computer are also threatened by natural or environmental disaster.
-Be it at home, stores, offices and also automobiles.
-The examples are:
1) Flood.
2) Fire.
3) Earthquakes, storms and tornados.
4) Excessive heat.
5) Inadequate power.
≈Theft
-2 types of computer theft:
1) Computer is used to steal money, goods, information and resources.
2) Stealing of computer, especially notebook and PDAs.
-3 approaches to prevent theft:
1) Prevent access by using locks, smart card or password.
2) Prevent portability by restricting the hardware from being moved.
3) Detect and guard all exists and record any hardware transported.
1.3.3 SECURITY MEASURES
1)DATA BACKUP
•Data backup is a program of the duplication.
•Depending on the importance of the information, daily weekly or biweekly backups from a hard disk can be performed.
2) CRYPTOGRAPHY
•Cryptography is a process of hiding information by altering the actual information into different representation, for example, an APA can be written as I? X.
•Almost all cryptosystems depend on a key such as a password like the numbers or a phrase that can be used to encrypt or decrypt a message.
•The traditional type of cryptosystem used on a computer network is called a symmetric secret key system.
3) ANTIVIRUS
•An antivirus program protects a computer against viruses by identifying and removing any computer viruses found in the computer memory, on storage media or incoming e-mail files.
•An antivirus program scans for programs that attempt to modify the boot program, the operating system and other programs that normally are read from but not modified.
Virus Signature
♣Also called a virus definition is a specific pattern of the virus code.
Inculating A Program File
•The antivirus program records information such as the file size and file creation date in a separate inoculation file.
•The antivirus program then uses this information to detect if a virus tampers with the data describing the inoculated program file.
( If an antivirus program identifies an infected file, it attempts to remove its virus, worm or Trojan horse. If the antivirus program cannot remove the infection, it often quarantines the infected file. Quarantine is a separate area of a hard disk that holds the infected .file until the infection can be removed. This step ensures other files will not become infected.)
4) ANTI-SPYWARE
•Spyware is a program placed on a computer without the user's knowledge. It secretly collects information about the user.
•The spyware program communicates information to the outside source.
•Among of the popular anti-spyware programs are:
►Spybot search and destroy
► Ad-aware
►Spyware blaster
5)FIREWALL
•Firewall is a piece of hardware or software which functions in a networked environment to prevent some communications forbidden by the security policy.
•Types of Firewall:
a)Screening Routers -simplest
-sees only addresses and service protocol type
-screen based on connection rules
b) Proxy Gateway
-somewhat complex
-sees full text of communication
-screen based on behavior proxies
c) Guard
-most complex
-sees full text of c
6)HUMAN ASPECT
•Refer to the user also the intruder of computer system.
•It is one of the hardest aspect to give protection to.
•The most common problem is the lack of achieving a good information security procedure.
~ Organisations self awareness
-Organization need to be aware of the people they work with. Some threat could also come from within the organization and not just from the outside.
~ Organisational User self Awareness
-Provide employee with adequate training and the importance of security and control. Even a very high-tech protection system could not protect the system against incompetent users.
4 Individual User Self Awareness
-Threat often comes in beautiful offers and packages.
-Do not download or install software from unreliable sources.
-Do not expose important information to strangers.
1.2.2.1 Define Computer Ethics, Code of Ethics, Intellectual Property, Privacy, Computer Crime and Cyber law.
1.2.2.2 Differentiate between ethics and law. 1.2.2.3 State the need for intellectual property laws.
ETHICS IN GENERAL
•A guidelines is needed to stop the current technology products from being exploited for example replicating original CDs and selling them as pirated software, this unethical behaviour can be controlled by the code of conducts.
•Computer ethics is a system of moral standards or values used as a guideline for computer users.
THE TEN COMMANDMENTS OF COMPUTER CRIMES.
•The United States Institute of Computer Ethics has come out with the Ten Commandments of computer ethics
•This principles consider the effective code of conducts for the proper use of Information Technology.
1)You shall not use a computer to harm other people
2)You shall not interfere with other people's computer work
3)You shall not snoop around in other people's computer files
4)You shall not use a computer to steal
5)You shall not use a computer to bear false witness
6) You shall not copy or use proprietary software for which you have not paid
7) You shall not use other people's computer resources without authorization or proper compensation.
8) You shall not appropriate other people's intellectual output.
9) You shall think about the social consequences of the program you are writing or the system you are designing.
10) You shall always use a computer in ways that ensure consideration and respect for your fellow human.
UNETHICAL COMPUTER CODE OF CONDUCTS
•Example of unethical computer code of conducts include:
-modifying certain information on the Internet., affecting the accuracy of the information
-selling information to other parties without the owner's permission
-using information without authorization
-involvement in stealing software
-invasion of privacy
*** with the advanced of ICT, it is easy for anyone to retrieve your information from the Internet. You may not realize that when you fill a form on the Internet, your information may be exposed and stolen.
ETHICAL COMPUTER CODE OF CONDUCTS
•Examples of ethical computer code of conducts include:
-Sending warning about viruses to other computer users.
-Asking permission before sending any business advertisements to others
-Using information with authorization.
DEFINITION OF ETHICS
•In general, ethics is a moral philosophy where a person makes a specific moral choice and sticks to it.
•On the other hand, ethics in computing means moral guidelines to refer to when using the computer and computer networks. This includes the Internet.
DEFINITION OF LAW
•Law is a legal system comprising of rules and principles that govern the affairs of community and controlled by a political authority.
•Law differs from one country to another. In the era of technology, computer law is needed to clarify goods or actions that fall under the computer law.
•Computer law refers to all areas in law that requires an understanding of computer technology such as hardware, software and Internet.
•Examples of law of computing in Malaysia include the Malaysian Communication and Multimedia Act, the Computer Crime Act 1997 and the Telemedicine Act !997.
RESPECTING OWNERSHIP
•We must respect ownership by not stealing other people's work either by duplicating or distributing it. Duplicating and distributing copies of audio tapes, video tapes and computer programs without permission and authorisation from the individual or company that created the program are immoral and illegal.
RESPECTING PRIVACY AND CONFIDENTIALITY
•We should respect other people's privacy and confidentiality by refraining ourselves from reading their mails or files without their permission. If we do so, it is considered as violating and individual's rights to privacy and confidentiality.
RESPECTING PROPERTY
•Property here means ownership. Since an individual data and information are considered as property, therefore, an act of tampering and vandalism and disrespect for other people's property.
SIMILARITIES BETWEEN ETHICS AND LAW
•Both ethics and law are complimentary to each other and are made:
-to guide user from misusing computers
-to create a healthy computer society, so that computers are used to contribute to a better life
-to prevent any crime.
DIFFERENCES BETWEEN ETHICS AND LAW
Ethics
•Guidelines - as a guidelines to computer users
•Moral standards - ethical behaviour is judge by moral standards
•Free to follow - computer users are free to follow or ignore the code ethics.
•No punishments - no punishment for anyone who violates ethics
•Universals - Universals can be applied anywhere, all over the world.
•Produce ethical computer users - to produce ethical computer users
•Immoral - not honouring computer ethics means ignoring the moral elements (immoral)
Law
•Control - as a rule to control computer users.
• Judicial Standards - law is judge by judicial standards.
• Must follow - computers user must follow the regulations and law.
•Penalties, imprisonments and other punishments - penalties, imprisonments and other punishments for those who break the law.
•Depends on country - depends on country and state where the crime is committed
• Prevent misusing of computers - to prevent misuse of computers
•Crime - not honouring the law means committing a crime.
UNETHICAL VS LAW BREAKING CONDUCTS
Unethical:
•Using the office computer to do personal things
•Reading your friend's e-mail without his or her permission
•Plagiarising and using materials from the Internet for your class assignment without giving credit to the original author.
Law breaking
•Sending a computer virus via email
•Hacking into your school's database to change your examination results.
•Selling pirated software in a night market.
DEFINITION OF INTELECTUAL PROPERTY
•Intellectual property (IP) refers to works by created by inventors, authors and artists. These works are unique and have value in the market place.
INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY LAW
•Intellectual property laws cover ideas, inventions, literary, creations, unique names, business models, industrial processes, computer program codes and more.
INVENTIONS PROTECTED BY INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY LAWS
•As businesses continue to expand globally, business owners must realize the important of getting professional advice on how to establish and safeguard their intellectual property rights.
1) Trademarks
- A distinctive sign of some kind which globally , business owners must realize the importance of getting professional advice on how to establish and safeguard their intellectual property rights.
2) Service marks
3) Trade/ company names
4) Domain names
5) Geographical indications
6) Copyrights
- A set of exclusive rights granted by the government for a limited time to regulate the use of a particular form, way or manner in which an idea or information is expressed.
7) Patents
- A set of exclusive rights granted by a state to a person for a fixed period of time in exchange for the regulated, public disclosure of certain details of a device, method, process or substance (known as an invention) which is new, inventive and useful.
INVENTIONS PROTECTED BY INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY LAWS
• Architectural
•Audio visual
•Sound recording
•Literary
•Musical
• Sculptural.
INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY PROTECTION
•There are four types of Intellectual Property protection. They are:
1) Patents for invention utility, design or plant patents that protectinventions and improvements to existing inventions.
2) Trademarks for brand identity
Words, names, symbols, devices and images that represent products, goods or services.
3)Designs for product appearance
Literary and artistic material, music, films, sound recordings and broadcast, including software and multimedia.
4)Copyright for material.
The features of in particular the lines, contours, colours, shape, texture of material of the product itself or its ornamentation.
The designs for product appearance cover the whole or a part of a product resulting from the features, such as the lines, contours, colours, shape, texture or material.
For example: Apple IMAC.
TOPIC: COMPUTER ETHICS AND LEGAL ISSUES
1.2.2 PRIVACY
1.2.2.1 List ways to protect privacy.
1.2.2.2 State authentication and verification methods/ technologies.
WHAT IS PRIVACY?
•Privacy in IT refers to data and information privacy.
•Data refers to a collection of raw unprocessed facts, figures and symbols. Then computers issused to process data into information
•In general, data includes texts, numbers, sounds, images and video.
•Information privacy is described as the rights of individuals and companies to deny or restrict the collection and use of information about them.
WAYS COMPUTER TECHNOLOGY THREATEN OUR PRIVACY
•How does computer technology threaten the privacy of our data? It is done through:
1) Cookies
-are used to identify users by web casting, e-commerce and other web application.
-Contain user information and are saved in the computer hard disk.
Are used by some websites to store password and track how regularly we visit a website, that's how we become potential targets for web advertisers.
Enable web sites to collect information about your online activities and store them for future use, then the collected details will be sold to any company that request for it.
2)Electronic File
-electronic file is the combining of data in a database that can be sold to the Internet by the company to the interested parties.
-This database is in a form such as magazine subscription or product warranty cards that had been filled by online subscribers. -The information in electronic profile includes personal details such as your age, address and marital status.
3) Spyware
-Refers to a program that collects user information without the user's knowledge.
-Can enter computers, sneaking in like a virus
-Is a result of installing new programs
-Communicates information it collects to some outside source while we are online.
* * * * * Every time you click on an advertisement or register a software product online, your information is entered into a database.
Computer technology can also threaten privacy through Spam. Spam is unsolicited e-mail messages, advertisements or newsgroup posting sent to many recipients at once.
WAYS COMPUTER TECHNOLOGY THREATEN OUR PRIVACY
•Computer technology threatens our privacy through electronic profiling. For example, when we fill out a form such as a magazines subscription, purchasing products or contest entry form on the Internet, this data is kept in the database. It will include age, address, marital status and other personal details.
WHY DO WE NEED PRIVACY?
•We need privacy for anonymity. Foe example, the Internet creates an elaborate trail of data detailing a person surfing on the web because all information is stored inside cookies. We do not want our trail to be detected.
•We also need privacy for confidentiality. For example, online information generated in the course of business transaction is routinely used for a variety of other purposes without the individual's knowledge or consent.
•We do not want our private lives and habits exposed to third parties.
CAN PRIVACY BE PROTECTED?
Privacy can be protected :
a)Privacy Law
The privacy laws in Malaysia emphasis on the following:
-Security Services to review the security policy
-Security Management to protect the resources
-Security Mechanism to implement the required security services
-Security object, the important entities within the system environment.
b) Utilities software
-Example: anti-spam program, firewall, anti-spyware and antivirus.
AUTHENTICATION
•Authentication is process where users verify that they are who they say they are. The user who attempts to perform function in a system is in fact the user who is authorized to do so.
METHODS OF AUTHENTICATION
•There are two commonly used authentication methods, which are:
1) Biometric devices
- Biometric devices is a device that translates personal characteristics into a digital code stored in the database.
- The example:
a) Fingerprint Recognition
b) Facial Recognition
c) Hand Geometry
d) Iris Scanning
e) Retinal Scanning
f) Voice Recognition
g) Signature Verification System
Fingerprint Recognition
-to prevent fake fingers from being used. Many biometrics fingerprints systems also
measure blood flow or check for correctly arrayed ridges at the edges of the fingers.
Facial Recognition
-Analyses the characteristics of an individual's face image captured through a digital video camera. It also used for recognizing potential threats (whether terrorist, scam artists, or known criminals).
Hand Geometry Scanning.
-Hand scanning involves the measurement and analysis of the shape of one's hand.
-It is possible to devise a method by combining various individual features and measurements of fingers and hands for verification purposes.
Iris Scanning
-Analysis the features that exist in the coloured tissues surrounding the pupil which has more than 200 points that can be used for comparison, including rings, furrows and freckles.
-The scans use a regular video camera can be done from further away than a retinal scan.
-It will work perfectly fine through glasses and in fact has the ability to create an accurate enough measurement that it can be used for identification purposes.
Retinal Scanning
-Involves the scanning of retina and analysis the layer of blood vessels at the back of the eye.
-Requires the user to remove glasses, place their eye close to the device and focus on a certain point. Whether than accuracy can out weight the public discomfort is yet to be seen.
Voice Recognition
-Voice recognition system compares a person's live speech with their stored voice pattern.
-Requires user to speak into a microphone. What he speaks can be his password or an access phrase.
Signature Verification System
-Signature verification system recognizes the shape of your handwritten signature, as well as measuring the pressure exerted and the motion used to write the signature.
-Uses special pen and tablet. After pre-processing the signature, several features are extracted.
-The authenticity of a writer is determined by comparing an input signature to a stored reference set (template) consisting of three signatures.
2) Callback System
-Callback System refers to the checking system that authentication the user.
-The Callback System is commonly used in the bank operation and business transaction.
-For example, when you book for the taxi service, the operator will ask you to hang up and she will call you back to confirm for the service required.
WHY IS AUTHENTICATION IMPORTANT?
Authentication is important in order to safeguard againts the unauthorized access and use.
VERIFICATION
•Verification is the act of proving or disapproving the correctness of a system with respect of a system with respect to a certain formal specification.
METHODS OF VERIFICATION
•There are two methods commonly used in verification, which are user identification and processed object.
•User identification refers to the process of validating the user.
•Processed object refers to something the user has such as identification card, security token and cell phone.
USER IDENTIFICATION
•The examples of validating process using the user identification are:
-Key in the user name to log in to a system and the system will verify whether the user is valid or invalid user.
-Show the exam slip to verify that you are the valid candidate for the exam.
-Show a passport before departure.
PROCESSED OBJECT
•The examples of validating process using the processed object are:
-The policeman will check on the driver's license to identify the valid driver.
-Employees have to swipe their security card to enter the building.
-Buy blouses at the mail using a credit card.
TOPIC: COMPUTER ETHICS AND LEGAL ISSUES
1.2.3 CONTROVERSIAL CONTENTS AND CONTROL
1.2.3.1 List effect or controversial contents on society 1.2.3.2 Describe the process of filtering to control access to controversial contents.
CONTROVERSIAL CONTENT
•A controversial content is information that causes disagreement in opinions and may cause the disruption of peace because different people or culture will have different views about the contents.
ISSUES ON CONTROVERSIAL CONTENTS
•The issues on controversial contents are always focusing on pornography and slander. Malaysia considers pornography and slander as illegal.
•Pornographic and slanderous activities can be in the format of plots and actions displayed on video games, controversial rhythm or lyrics of music, controversial contents of books and controversial issues on religion and philosophy.
1) Pornography
-The definition of pornography is any form of media or material like books or photographs that depicts erotic behaviour and is intended to cause sexual excitement.
-Pornography tends to exploit men, women and children in a distasteful manner.
2) Slander
-Slanders is legal term for false and malicious statement (meaning knowing that it is false, or "reckless disregard" that it was false) about someone.
- Example:
i) You wrote an e-mail that a fellow classmate was having and affair with a teacher, even though it was not true. You then sent it to five other friends.
ii) Ahmad is a muslim. One day, he received a "Spam" e-mail stating that his favourites soda drink "Soda Moda" uses non halal food colouring, but he does not know if the source of the content is credible or true. He decides to forward the e-mail to 50 of his friends.
iii) Chin Wei spreads a rumour that a Government Minister is receiving bribes from an enemy government.
IMPACT ON MALAYSIAN SOCIETY
What can you conclude about the impact of controversial content on the Malaysian society?
Pornography
i)Can lead to criminal acts such as exploitation of women and children
ii)Can lead to sexual addiction or perversion
iii)Can develop low moral value towards other men, women or children.
iv)Can erode good religious, cultural and social beliefs and behaviour.
Slander
i)Can develop into a society that disregards honesty and truth.
ii)Can develop bad habit of spreading untruth and rumours.
iii)Can lead to unnecessary argument.
iv)Can cause people to have negative attitudes towards another person.
INTERNET FILTERING
•It is our responsibility to ensure that the teenagers are protected from these corruptions of the mind by filtering access to the Internet.
•Internet filtering is a process that prevents or block access to certain materials on the Internet.
•it is our responsibility to ensure that teenagers are protected from these corruptions of the mind by filtering access to the Internet.
WHAT IS INTERNET FILTERING?
•Internet filtering is a process that prevents access to certain materials on the Internet. Filtering is most commonly used to prevent children from accessing inappropriate material and to keep employees productive on the Internet.
CONTROLLING ACCESS TO THE INTERNET
The current preferred method of choice to limit access obn the Internet is to filter content either by:
-keyword blocking
-site blocking
-web rating systems.
Keyword blocking
•one of the strategies is by using the keyword blocking method
•this method uses a list of banned words or objectionable terms such as Essex, DICK Whittington and Penystone.
•As the page is downloading, the filter searches for any these words. It found, it will block the page completely, stop downloading the page, block the banned words and even shut down the browser.
Site Blocking (1)
•Software company maintains a list of `dubious Internet Sites'
•The software prevents access to any sites on this list.
•'Denial list' regularly updated
Site blocking (2):
•Some software provides control over what categories of information you block.
•Who decides what goes on the `denial list' and what criteria are they using.
•Can you keep track of the whole of the Internet?
•Filters can use both side blocking and word blocking.
Web Rating System (1)
•Web sites are rated in terms of nudity, sex, violence and language.
Web Rating System (2)
•Rating done either by the web page author or by the independent bureau.
•browsers set to only accept page with certain levels of rating.
•* who decided the rating?
TOPIC: COMPUTER ETHICS AND LEGAL ISSUES
1.2.4 COMPUTER CRIMES
1.2.4.1 Explain the need for Cyber law
1.2.4.2 Explain briefly the computer crimes below:
• Fraud• Copyright Infringement
• Theft• Attacks
NEEDS FOR CYBER LAW
•Integrity and Security of Information
•Legal status of Online Transaction
•Security of Government Data
•Intellectual Property Rights
•Privacy and Confidentiality of Information
CYBER LAW
•In the recent years. Many concerns and issues were raised on the integrity and security of information, legal status of online transaction, privacy and confidentiality of information, intellectual property rights and security of government data placed on the Internet.
•These concerns and issues clearly indicate why cyber laws are needed in online activities.
THE CYBER LAW ACTS IN MALAYSIA
•The Malaysian Government has already passed several cyber laws to control and reduce the Internet abuse.
•These cyber law include:
-Digital Signature Act 1997
» Secures electronic communication especially on the Internet.
» Digital signature is an identity verification standard that uses encryption techniques to protect againts e-mail forgery. The encrypted code consists of the user's name and a hash of all the parts of the message
-Computer Crimes Act 1997
» Gives protection againts the misuses of computers and computer criminal activities such as unauthorized use of programs, illegal transmission of data or messages over computers and hacking and cracking of computer systems and networks
-Telemedicine Act 1997
» Ensures that only qualified medical partitioners can practise telemedicine and that their patients' rights and interest are protected.
-Communication and Multimedia ACT 1998
» This act also ensures high level of user's confidence in the information and
communication technology industry.
•Besides these cyber laws, there are three other cyber laws being drafted
-Private Data Protection Bill
-Electronic Government Activities Bill
-Electronic Transactions Bill
COMPUTER CRIMES
•A computer crimes is defined as any criminal activity that is related to the use of computers.
•These activities include computer fraud, copyright infringement, computer theft and computer attack.
COMPUTER FRAUD
•Computer fraud is defined as having an intention to take advantage over or causing loss to other people, mainly on monetary basis through the use of computer.
•There are many forms of computer fraud which include e-mail hoaxes, programs fraud, investment schemes, sales promotions and claims of expertise on certain fields.
COPYRIGHT INFRINGEMENT
•Copyright Infringement is defined as a violation of the rights secured by a copyright.
•For example, the widespread of illegal downloading activities and sharing of recorded music in MP3 format. Also the unauthorized copying of movies even after the closing down of Napster.
COMPUTER THEFT
•Computer theft is defined as the unauthorized use of another person's property with the intention to deny the owner the rightful possession of that property of its use.
•Example of computer theft include:
►Transfer of payments to the wrong accounts.
►Tap into data transmission lines on database at no cost.
►Diverts goods to the wrong destination.
COMPUTER ATTACKS
•Computer attack may be defined as any activities taken to disrupt the equipment of computer system, change processing control or corrupt stored data.
•Computer attack can be in the forms of:
-Physical attack facility or its transmission lines.
-An electronic attack that uses the power of electromagnetic energy to overload computer.
-A computer network attack that uses a malicious code to exploit a weakness in software, or in the computer security practices of a computer user.
•For example, the presences of technologically savvy young hackers in schools that can produce damage to schools servers.
•They are capable of disabling filters and gateway software or accessing student information system.
bluetooth headset that senses your mobile nearby. This allows you to talk using the mobile, but most importantly, keeping your hands on the steering wheel!